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KOLKATA

KOLKATA CITY

Kolkataentified traditionally in English as metropolis Hooghly watercourse, it's the principalbusiness, cultural, and academic centre of Malay Archipelago, whereas the Port of metropolis is India's oldest in operation port in addition as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, town hadfour.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, that contains town and its suburbs, was home tojust about fourteen.1 million, creating it the third-most thickly settled metropolitan space in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product hierarchal third among South Asian cities, behind Bombay and Old Delhi.As a growing metropolitan town in a verydeveloping country, metropolis confronts substantial urban pollution, hold up, poverty, population, and alternative logistical and socioeconomic issues.In the late seventeenth century, the 3 villages that predated metropolis were dominated by thenabob of geographical region beneath Mughal suzerainty. when the nabob granted the Malay Archipelago Company a mercantilism license in 1690,e realm was developed by the corporate into AN more and more fortified mercantile base. nabob Siraj ud-Daulah occupiedmetropolis in 1756 when company started evading taxes and thanks to increasing militarisationof the fort, the Malay Archipelago Company retook it within the following year and in 1793 assumed full sovereignty when Mughal berth (Nizamat) was abolished. beneath Malay Archipelago Company and later beneath nation dominion, metropolis served because thecapital of India till 1911, once its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in geographical region, diode to a shift of the capital to Indian capital. town was the centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of latest state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of recent Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed many decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the first 2000s, AN economic rejuvenation has diode to accelerated growth.As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century geographical region Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically numerous centre of culture in geographical region and India, metropolishas established native traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature that have gained wide audiences. many of us from Kolkata—among them many Alfred Bernhard Nobel laureates—have contributed to the humanities, the sciences, and alternative areas, whereas metropolis cultureoptions idiosyncrasies that embody distinctively close neighbourhoods (paras) and race intellectual exchanges (adda). West Bengal's share of the Bengali movie industry is predicated within thetown, that additionally hosts venerable cultural establishments of national importance, like the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian repository, and therefore the National Library of India. although home to major cricketing venues and franchises,metropolis differs from alternative Indian cities by giving importance to football and alternativesports.

KOLKATA

The discovery and archeological study of Chandraketugarh, thirty five kilometres (22 mi) north ofmetropolis, offer proof that the region during which town stands has been inhabited for over 2millennia.Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of English people Malay Archipelago Company, that was consolidating its trade business in geographical region. Job Charnock, AN administrator World Health Organization worked for the corporate, is historicallyattributable because the founding father of the city; in response to a public petition, themetropolis tribunal dominated in 2003 that town doesn't have a founder.[15] the realm occupied by the current town encompassed 3 villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village. They were a part of AN estate happinessto the Mughal emperor; the jagirdari (a grant presented by a king on his noblemen) taxation rights to the villages were command by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or zamindars. These rights were transferred to the Malay Archipelago Company in 1698.
In 1712, nation completed the development of Fort William, settled on the east bank of the Hooghly watercourse to shield their mercantilism manufactory.Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, nation began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The nabob of geographical region, Siraj ud-Daulah, protested the militarisation and evasion by the corporate. His warning went unnoticed, and therefore the nabob attacked; he captured Fort William and instigated the killings of many British prisoners of war within the region of metropolis.A force of Companytroopers (sepoys) and British troops diode by solon recaptured town the subsequent year.[18] Per the 1765 accord of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, Malay Archipelago company was appointed imperial exciseman of the Mughal emperor within the province of geographical region,Bihar and Orissa, whereas Mughal-appointed Nawabs continuing to rule the province.[19] Declared a presidency town, metropolis became the headquarters of the Malay ArchipelagoCompany by 1772n 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and Malay Archipelagocompany took complete management of town and therefore the province. starting in 1864, the Hill station of Shimla served as body capital throughout summers within the early nineteenthcentury, the marshes encompassing town were drained; the govt space was ordered out on the banks of the Hooghly watercourse. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of India between 1797 and 1805, was for the most part accountable for the event of town and its public design.[22] Throughout the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, town was a centre of the Malay Archipelago Company's controlled substance trade.By the decade, metropolis had 2 areas: White city, that was primarily British and centred around Chowringhee; and Black city, principally Indian and centred around North metropolis.[24] townunderwent fast industrial growth beginning within the early decade, particularly within the textile and jute industries; this inspired British corporations to massively invest in infrastructure comes,including telegraph connections and Howrah depot. The coalition of British and Indian culture resulted within the emergence of a replacement man category of urbane Indians, whose members were typically bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they typicallybelonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[25] within the nineteenth century, the geographical region Renaissance led to AN hyperbolic cognitive content sophistication among town denizens. In 1883, metropolis was host to the primary national conference of the Indian National Association,the primary professed nationalist organisation in India.[26] step by step, metropolis became a centre for revolutionary organisations related to the Indian independence movement. The temporary 1905 partition of geographical region on communal lines resulted in widespread public agitation and a boycott of British product by the Swadeshi movement.These activities, along side thebodyly harmful location of metropolis on the jap fringes of India, prompted nation to maneuverthe capital to Indian capital in 1911.Rashtraguru Surendranath Banerjee organized a national conference at 1883. This was the primaryorganization in India in Nineteenth century. In 1905 metropolis protested the partition of division ofgeographical region and boycotted all nation product.step by step metropolis became a crucial hub for Indian Independence Movement, particularly the revolutionary parties. town and its port were bombed many times by the japanese between 1942 and 1944, throughout warfare IIoinciding with the war, millions starved to death throughout the geographical regionfamine of 1943 thanks to a mix of military, administrative, and natural factors.[31] Demands for the creation of a Muslim state diode in 1946 to AN episode of communal violence that killed overfour,000. The partition of India diode to any clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for East Pakistan, whereas many thousands of Hindus fled into town.During the Nineteen Sixties and Seventies, severe power shortages, strikes, and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement by teams called the Naxalites broken abundant of the city's infrastructure,leading to economic stagnation.[36] The People's Republic of Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971diode to a vast inflow of thousands of refugees, several of them hard up, that strained Kolkata's infrastructure.[37] throughout the mid-1980s, Bombay (then known as Bombay) overtookmetropolis as India's most thickly settled town. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi dubbed metropolis a "dying city" in lightweight of its socio-political woes.[38] when independence within the year of 1951 and 1956 the Corporation act was amended. last in 1980 state Government amended this act. In 1984 a revised new law was settled. within the amount 1977–2011, state was ruled from metropolis by the Left Front, that was dominated by the political party of India (CPM). it had been the world's longest-serving democratically elective communist government; metropolis was a key base for Indian communism.[39][40][41] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum when theNineteen Nineties, once India began to institute pro-market reforms. Since 2000, the knowledgetechnology rked growth in its producing base.[42]Spread roughly north–south on the east bank of the Hooghly watercourse, metropolis sits at intervals the lower Ganges Delta of jap India; the city's elevation is one.5–9 m (5–30 ft).[43] abundant of town was originally a ground that wassaved over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population. The remaining undeveloped areas, called the East metropolis Wetlands, were selected a "wetland of international importance" by the Ramsar Convention (1975).[45] like most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the soil and water area unit preponderantly sediment in origin. metropolis is found over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin.[46] geographical

KOLKATA AT NIGHT

region basin contains 3 structural unit: shelf or platform within the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep natural depression halfwithin the east and southeast. metropolis is found atop the western a part of the hinge zone thatis coelow the surface.[46] The shelf and hinge zones have several faula number of other grades of sand and gravel. These sediments area unit sandwiched between 2 clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250–650 m (820–2,130 ft); the higher one 10–40 m (30–130 ft) in thickness.[47] consistent with the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale starting from I to V so as of accelerating susceptibleness to earthquakes, town lies within seismal zone III;[48] consistent with a international organisation Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high harm risk".[48]Kalighat painting originated in nineteenth century metropolis as an areavogue that mirrored a range of themes as well as mythology and routine life.[217] the govtfaculty of Art and Craft, based in 1864, has been the cradle in addition as geographical point of eminent artists as well as Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, and Nandalal Satyendra Nath Bose.[218] The art faculty was the birthplace of the geographical region faculty of art that arose as ANavant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the rife educational art designs within theearly twentieth century.[219][220] The Academy of Fine Arts and alternative art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. town is recognised for its appreciation of rabindrasangeet (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and Indian classical music; Bengali popular music genre, as well as baulpeople ballads, kirtans, and Gajan competition music; and trendy music, as well as Bengali-language adhunik songs.[Since the first Nineteen Nineties, new genres have emerged,as well as one comprising different folk–rock Bengali bands.[221] Another new vogue, jibonmukhi gaan ("songs concerning life"), is predicated on realism.parts of Kolkata's cookery embody rice and a fish curry called machher jhol,which might be amid desserts like roshogolla, sandesh, and a sweet yogurt called mishti dohi. Bengal'sgiant repertoire of food dishes includes numerous preparations of ilish, a fish that's a favoriteamong Calcuttans. Street foods like beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (a fried crêpe with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cookery from Chinatown area unit common.] Sweets play an oversized half within the diet of Kolkatans—especially at their social ceremonies.Though

KOLKATA TEMPLE

Bengali ladies historically wear the saree, the salwar tunic and Western apparel is gaining acceptance among younger ladiesWestern-style dress has larger acceptance among men, though the standard breechclout and shirt area unit seen throughout festivals. Durga Puja, command in September–October, is Kolkata's most vital festival; it's a happening forexciting celebrations.The Bengali twelvemonth, called Poila Boishak, in additionbecause the harvest competition of Poush Parbon area unit among the city's alternative festivals;additionally celebrated area unit Jagaddhatri Puja, Diwali, Saraswati Puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, and Rath Yatra. Cultural events embody the metropolis Book honest, the Dover Lane Musiccompetition, the metropolis festival, and Nandikar's National Theatre competitionThe most common sports in metropolis area unit soccer and cricket. in contrast to mostcomponents of India, the residents show important passion for soccer.[244] town is home to highnational soccer clubs like Mohun Bagan A.C., East geographical region F.C., Prayag United S.C.,and therefore the Mohammedan Sporting Club.[246] metropolis league, that was started in 1898, is that the oldest league in Asia.Mohun Bagan A.C., one in every of the oldest soccerclubs in Asia, is that the solely organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".[248][249]soccer matches between Mohun Bagan and East geographical region, dubbed because themetropolis lid, witness giant audience group action and contention between patrons.[250]As within the remainder of India, cricket is common in metropolis and is compete on grounds and in streets throughout town metropolis has AN Indian Premier League franchisecalled the metropolis Knight Riders; the Cricket Association of geographical region, that regulates cricket in state, is additionally based mostly within the town. Tournaments, particularly those involving cricket, football, badminton, and carrom, area unit often unionised on AN inter-locality or inter-club basis[ The Maidan, a huge field that is the city's largest park, hosts many minorsoccer and cricket clubs and training institutes.Eden Gardens, that includes a capability of ninety,000 as of 2011hosted the ultimatematch of the 1987 Cricket tournament. it's home to the geographical region cricket team and therefore the metropolis Knight Riders. The multi-use Salt Lake bowl, additionally called Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is that the world's second-largest soccer facility by roominess as of 2010. The metropolis Cricket and soccer Club is that the second-oldest cricket club within the world.metropolis has 3 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the Royal metropolis Golf Club,the primary golf club designed outside the uk.[258][259] the opposite 2 area unit settled at the Tollygunge Club and at Fort William. The Royal metropolis Turf Club hosts racing and polo matches.[260] The metropolis Polo Club is taken into account the oldest existent polo club within the world. The metropolis South Club could be a venue for national and international court game tournaments; it command the primary grass-court national championship in 1946.[264][265] within the amount 2005–2007, Sunfeast Open, a tier-III tournament on the Women's court game Association circuit, was command within the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it'ssince been interruptThe metropolis guild hosts row heats

KOLKATA METRO

and coaching events. Kolkata, thought-about the leading centre of rugger union in India, provides its name to the oldest international tournament in ruggerunion, the metropolis Cup. the auto Association of jap India, established in 1904,and therefore the {bengal|Bengal|geographical area unita|geographic area|geographical region|geographic region} Motor Sports Club are concerned in promoting motor sports andautomotive rallies in metropolis and state.The Beighton Cup, a happening unionisedby the geographical region Hockey Association and initial compete in 1895, is India's oldest field game tournament; it's sometimes hung on the Mohun Bagan Ground of the Maidan.] Athletes from metropolis embody Sourav Ganguly and Pankaj Roy, World Health Organizationarea unit former captains of the Indian national cricket team; Olympic court game bronze medallistLeander Paes, linksman Arjun Atwal, and former footballers Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P. K. Banerjee, and Subrata Bhattacharya.
Kolkata is understood for its literary, artistic, and revolutionary heritage; because the former capital of India, it had been the birthplace of recent Indian literary and inventive thoughtmetropolishas been known as the "City of Furious, inventive Energy" in addition because the "cultural [or literary] capital of India".[194][195] The presence of paras, that area unit neighbourhoods that possess a robust sense of community, is characteristic of town.[196] generally, every para has its own community club and, sometimes, a enjoying field.[196] Residents have interaction in addas, or leisurely chats, that always take the shape of race intellectual speech communication.[197][198] town includes a tradition of political graffiti depiction everything from outrageous slander tohumorous banter and limericks, caricatures, and info.Kolkata has several buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic branch of knowledgemotifs. many well-maintained major buildings from the colonial amount are declared "heritage structures";others area unit in numerous stages of decay.Established in 1814because the nation's oldest repository, the Indian repository homes giant collections that showcase Indian explanation and Indian art.[204] Marble Palace could be a classic example of a ecu mansion that was in-built town. The Victoria Memorial, an area of interest in metropolis,includes a repository documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is that theleading library within the country.The popularity of business theatres within the town has declined since the Eighties.cluster theatres of metropolis, a social movement that started within the Forties different with the then-popular business theatres, area unit theatres that aren't skilled or business, and area unit centres of varied experiments in theme, content, and production;cluster theatres use the proscenium stage to spotlight socially relevant messages.[Chitpur section of townhomes multiple production corporations of jatra, a convention of folks drama common in ruralgeographical region.[209][210] metropolis is that the home of the Bengali cinema trade, dubbed "Tollywood" for Tollygunj, wherever most of the state's film studios area unit settled.Its long tradition of art films includes globally acclaimed film administrators like Academy triumph director Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha, and modern administrators like Aparnasubunit, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, and Rituparno Ghosh.During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Bengali literature was modernized through the works of authors like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, MichaelMadhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay.plus social reforms diode by Ram Mohan Roy, Hindoo Vivekananda, and others, this deep-rooted a serious a part of the geographical region Renaissance.[214] the center and lattercomponents of the twentieth century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism, in addition as literary movements like those espoused by the Kallol movement, hungryalists and therefore thevery little magazines. giant majority of publishers of town is targeted in and around facultyStreet, "...a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement", mercantilismnew and used books.

KOLKATA SCIENCE PARK