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KERALA

KERALA

Kerala, regionally brought up as Keralam, may be a state within the south-west region of Asian country on the Malabar coast. it had been shaped on one Nov 1956 as per the States organization Act by combining numerousMalayalam-speaking regions. adjoin thirty eight,863 km2  it's boxed by Karnataka to the north and north east, province to the east and south, and also the Lakshadweep ocean to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is that the twelfth largest state by population and is split into fourteen districts with the urban center being Thiruvananthapuram. South Dravidian is that the most generally spoken and official language of the state.The region was a distinguished spice bourgeois from 3000 BCE to third century. The Chera kinfolk was the primarypowerful kingdom based mostly in Kerala, although it often struggled against attacks from the neighbour Cholas and Pandyas. throughout the Chera amount, Kerala remained a global spice mercantilism center. Later, within the fifteenthcentury, the profitable spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and eventually made-up the method for the ecu formation of Asian country. once independence, Travancore and fowl joined the Republic of Asian country and Travancore-Cochin was given the standing of a state. Later, the state was shaped in 1956 by merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks), and also the taluk of Kasargod, South geographic region.Kerala is that the state with the bottom positive growth rate in Asian country  and features a density of 860individuals per km2. The state has the best Human Development Index within the country in line withthe Human Development Report

2011.It additionally has the best skill rate ninety three.19%, the best expectancy(Almost seventy seven years) and also the highest sex quantitative relation (as outlined by range of ladies per a thousand men: one,084 girls per a thousand men) among all Indian states. Kerala has the bottom putting to death rate among Indian states, for 2011 it had been one.1 per 100,000.[4] A survey in 2005 by Transparency Internationalhierarchical it because the least corrupt state within the country. Kerala has witnessed important expatriation of itsindividuals, particularly to the Gulf states throughout the Gulf Boom throughout the Nineteen Seventies and earlyEighties, and its economy depends considerably on remittances from an outsized Malayali expatriate community. Hinduism is experienced by over half the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture of the state traces its roots from third century metal. it's a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over centuriesunderneath influences from different elements of Asian country and abroad.Production of pepper and natural rubber contributes to a major portion of the overall national output. within theagricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices area unit necessary.

DOLMEN

The state's outline extends for 595 kilometres , and around one.1 million individuals of the state area unit obsessed with the work trade thatcontributes third of the state's financial gain. The state's a hundred forty five,704 kilometres of roads,represent four.2% of all Indian roadways. There area unit 3 existing and 2 projected international airports. Waterwaysalso are used for transportation. The state has the best media exposure in Asian country with newspapers business enterprise in 9 totally different languages; chiefly English and South Dravidian. Kerala is a vital tourer destination, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic commercial enterprise, and tropical foliage among its major attractions.
A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by the Mauryan emperor Asoka the good refers to the native ruler as Keralaputra (Sanskrit for "son of Kerala"; or "son of Chera, this can be contradictory to a well-liked theory that etymology derives "kerala" from "kera", or coconut in Malayalam).
Two thousand years agone, one amongst 3 states within the region was known as Cheralam in Classical Tamil: Chera and East Chadic area unit variants of an equivalent word.The Hellenic trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to the current Keralaputra as Celobotra.Ralston Marr derives "Kerala" from the word "Cheral" that refers to the oldestfamous kinfolk of Kerala kings.successively the word "Cheral" springs from the proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for "lake".
According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the ocean by the axe-wielding mortal sage Parasurama, sixth avatar of Vishnu, therefore Kerala is additionally known as Parasurama Kshetram. Parasurama threw his axe across the ocean, and also the water receded as way because it reached. in line with legend, this new space of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. agreement among scientific geographers agrees that a considerable portion of this space was underneath the ocean in past.The land that rose from ocean was full of salt and unsuitable for habitation therefore Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, World Health Organization spat holy poison and regenerate the soil into fertile lush inexperienced land. Out of respect, Vasuki and every one snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. The legend later enlarged, and located literary expression within

TIPU SULTANS

the seventeenth or eighteenth century with Keralolpathi, that traces the origin of aspects of early Kerala society, like legal right and administration, to the story of Parasurama.In medieval times Kuttuvan could have emulated the Parasurama tradition by throwing his spear into the ocean to symbolize his lordship over it. Another abundant earlier Puranic character related to Kerala is Mahabali, associate degree Asura and aprototypal king of justice, World Health Organization dominated the planet from Kerala. He won the war against the Devas, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, World Health Organization took his fifth incarnation as Vamana and pushed Mahabali right down to Patala (the netherworld) to quieten the Devas. there's a belief that, once a year throughout the Onam competition, Mahabali returns to Kerala.The Matsya Purana, that is among the oldest of the eighteen Puranas,uses the Malaysia Mountains of Kerala (and Tamil Nadu) because the setting for the story of Lord Matsya, the primary incarnation of Lord Vishnu, and King Manu,the primary man and also the king of the region.The earliest Indo-Aryan text to say Kerala by name is that theAitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. it's additionally mentioned in each the Sanskrit literature and also the sacred writing, the 2 nice Hindu epics.
Prehistorical archeological findings embrace dolmens of the Neolithic era within the Marayur space in Idukki district.they're regionally referred to as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage) and ara (dolmen).Rock engravingswithin the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) area unit thought thus far from the first to late Neolithic eras around 6000 BCE. archeological studies have known several Mesolithic, Neolithic and monument sites in Kerala. The studies purpose to the native development of the traditional Kerala society and its culture starting from the time period, and its continuity through Mesolithic, Neolithic and monument ages. but, foreign cultural contacts have motor-assisted this cultural formation. The studies counsel potential relationship with Indus natural depressionCivilization throughout the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.

BHARATHAPPUZHA RIVER

Kerala was a serious spice bourgeois from as early as 3000 BCE, in line with Sumerian records.Its fame because theland of spices attracted ancient Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to the Malabar Coast within the third and secondmillennia BCE. Arabs and Phoenicians were additionally undefeated in establishing their prominence within theKerala trade throughout this early amount.The word Kerala is 1st recorded (as Keralaputra) in a very 3rd-century BCE rock inscription  left by the Maurya emperor Asoka  The Land of Keralaputra was one amongst the four freelance kingdoms in southern Asian country throughout Asoka's time, the others being Chola, Pandya, and Satiyaputra. students hold that Keralaputra is associate degree alternate name of the Cheras,the primary powerful kinfolk supported Kerala. These territories once shared a typical language and culture, at intervals a region referred to as Tamiḻakam. whereas the Cheras dominated the key a part of trendy Kerala, its southern tip was within the kingdom of Pandyas, that had a mercantilism port generally known in ancient Western sources as Nelcynda (or Neacyndi).At later times the region fell underneath the management of the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. Ays and Mushikas were 2 different exceptional dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras severally.In the last centuries BCE the coast became celebrated among the Greeks and Romans for its spices, particularly black pepper. The Cheras had mercantilism links with China, West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and also the empire. within theforeign-trade circles the region was known by the name Male or Malabar. Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that point. the worth of Rome's annual trade with Asian country as a full wascalculable at no but fifty,000,000 sesterces; modern Sangam literature describes Roman ships returning to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper. one amongst the earliest western traders to use the monsoon windsto achieve Kerala could are Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, underneath the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, a king of the principle Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. numerous Roman institutions within the port cities of the region, likea temple of Gaius Octavianus and barracks for garrisoned Roman troopers, area unit marked within the Tabula Peutingeriana: the sole extant map of the Roman cursus publicus.

SIRUVANI SAGAR DHM

Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala. Jewishreference to Kerala started as early as 573 BCE. Arabs additionally had trade links with Kerala, probablystarted before the fourth century BCE, as Herodotus noted that product brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden. They intermarried with native individuals, and from this mixture the big Muslim Mappila community of Kerala area unit descended. within the fourth century, some Christians additionallyimmigrated from Persia and joined the first Syrian Christian community World Health Organization trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle within the first century. Mappila was associate degreehonorific title that had been allotted to revered guests from abroad; and Jewish, Syrian Christian, and Muslim immigration may account for later names of the various communities: Judah Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas. in line with the legends of those communities, the earliest Christian churches,place of worship,and house of God  in Asian country were inbuilt Kerala. The combined range of Jews, Christians, and Muslims was comparatively tiny at this early stage. They co-existed harmoniously with one another and with nativeHindu society, power-assisted by the business get pleasure from such association.

KADALUNDI RIVER