KOLKATA
Kolkataentified historically in English as metropolis Hooghly watercourse, it is the principalbusiness, cultural, and academic centre of Malay Archipelago, whereas the Port of metropolis is India's oldestoperative port additionally as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, city hadfour.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, that contains city and its suburbs, was home tojust regarding fourteen.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan house in Asian country. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product class-conscious third among South Asian cities, behind Bombay and urban center.As a growing metropolitan city in a very verydeveloping country, metropolis confronts substantial urban pollution, hold up, poverty, population, and differentprovision and socioeconomic problems.In the late seventeenth century, the three villages that predated metropolis were dominated by thenabob of nation-state beneath Mughal suzerainty. once the nabob granted the Malay Archipelago Company a mercantilism license in 1690,e realm was developed by the company into AN more and more fortified mercantile base. nabob Siraj ud-Daulah occupiedmetropolis in 1756 when company started evading taxes and thanks to increasing militarisationof the fort, the Malay Archipelago Company retook it inside the subsequent year and in 1793 assumed full sovereignty once Mughal berth (Nizamat) was abolished. at a lower place Malay Archipelago Company and later at a lower place nation dominion, metropolis served as a result ofthecapital of Asian country until 1911, once its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in nation-state, diode to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. city was the centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of latest state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of recent Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the 1st 2000s,associate degree economic rejuvenation has diode to accelerated growth.As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century nation-state Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically varied centre of culture in nation-state and Asian country, metropolishas established native traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature that have gained wide audiences. several people from Kolkata—among them several Alfred Bernhard Nobel laureates—have contributed to the humanities, the sciences, anddifferent areas, whereas metropolis cultureoptions idiosyncrasies that embody distinctively shutneighbourhoods (paras) and race intellectual exchanges (adda). West Bengal's share of the Bengalifilm industry is based within thetown, that in addition hosts venerable cultural institutions of national importance, just like the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian repository, and so the National Library of Asian country. though home to major cricketing venues and franchises,metropolis differs from different Indian cities by giving importance to soccer and alternativesports.
The discovery and archaeologic study of Chandraketugarh, thirty 5 kilometres (22 mi) north ofmetropolis, offer proof that the region during which town stands has been inhabited for over 2millennia.Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of land Malay ArchipelagoCompany, that was consolidating its trade business in nation-state. Job Charnock, associate degreeadministrator World Health Organization worked for the company, is historicallyattributable as a result of the origination father of the city; in response to a public petition, themetropolis judicature dominated in 2003 that city does not have a founder.[15] the realm occupied by the present city encompassedthree villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village. They were a region of associate degree estate happinessto the Mughal emperor; the jagirdari (a grant given by a king on his noblemen) taxation rights to the villages were command by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or zamindars. These rights were transferred to the Malay Archipelago Company in 1698.
In 1712, nation completed the development of Fort William, settled on the east bank of the Hooghly watercourse to defend their mercantilism works.Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, nation began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The nabob of nation-state, Siraj ud-Daulah, protested themilitarization and evasion by the company. His warning went unnoted, and so the nabob attacked; he captured Fort William and instigated the killings of the many British prisoners of war inside the region of metropolis.A force of Companytroopers (sepoys) and British troops diode by pol recapturedcity the next year.[18] Per the 1765 accord of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, Malay Archipelago company was appointed imperial collector of internal revenue of the Mughal emperorinside the province of nation-state,Bihar and Orissa, whereas Mughal-appointed Nawabs continuedto rule the province.[19] Declared a presidency city, metropolis became the headquarters of the Malay ArchipelagoCompany by 1772n 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and Malay Archipelagocompany took complete management of town and so the province. beginning in 1864,Capitol Hill station of Shimla served as body capital throughout summers inside the firstnineteenthcentury, the marshes encompassing city were drained; the govt. house was ordered out on the banks of the Hooghly watercourse. Richard Wellesley,
Governor-General of Asian countrybetween 1797 and 1805, was for the foremost half in command of the event of city and its publicstyle.[22] Throughout the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, city was a centre of the Malay Archipelago Company's drug trade.By the last decade, metropolis had a pair of areas: White town, that was primarily British and centred around Chowringhee; and Black town, primarily Indian and centred around North metropolis.[24] townunderwent quick industrial growth starting inside the firstdecade, significantly inside the textile and jute industries; this galvanized British firms to massively invest in infrastructure comes,including telegraph connections and Howrah depot. The coalition of British and Indian culture resulted inside the emergence of a replacement man class of urbane Indians, whose members were generally bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they typicallybelonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[25] inside the nineteenth century, the nation-state Renaissance light-emitting diode to associate degree hyperbolic cognition sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, metropolis was host to the first national conference of the Indian National Association,the primary professed nationalist organisation in Asian country.[26] step by step, metropolis became a centre for revolutionary organisations associated with the Indian independence movement. The temporary 1905 partition of nation-state on communal lines resulted in widespread public agitation and a boycott of British product by the Swadeshi movement.These activities, together with thebodyly harmful location of metropolis on the Nip fringes of Asian country, prompted nation to maneuverthe capital to New Delhi in 1911.Rashtraguru Surendranath Banerjee organized a national conference at 1883. This was the primaryorganization in Asian country in Nineteenth century. In 1905 metropolis protested the partition of division ofgeographical region and boycotted all nation product.step by step metropolis became a vital hub for Indian Independence Movement, significantly the revolutionary parties. city and its port were bombed over and over by the japanese between 1942 and 1944, throughout warfare IIoinciding with the war, millions starved to death throughout the geographical regionfamine of 1943 because of a combination of military, body, and natural factors.[31] Demands for the creation of a Muslim state diode in 1946 to associate degree episode of communal violence that killed overfour,000. The partition of Asian country diode to any clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for Asian country, whereas several thousands of Hindus fled into city.During the 19 Sixties and Seventies, severe power shortages, strikes, and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement bygroups referred to as the Naxalites broken easy of the city's infrastructure,leading to economic stagnation.[36] The People's Republic of Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971diode to a vast inflow of thousands of refugees, many of them penurious, that strained Kolkata's infrastructure.[37] throughout the mid-1980s, Mumbai (then notable as Bombay) overtookmetropolis as India's most thickly settledcity. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi dubbed metropolis a "dying city" in lightweight of its socio-political woes.[38]once independence inside the year of 1951 and 1956 the Corporation act was amended. last in 1980government amended this act. In 1984 a revised new law was settled. inside the quantity 1977–2011, state was dominated from metropolis by the Left Front, that was dominated by the party of India (CPM). it had been the world's longest-serving democratically elective communist government; metropolis was a key base for Indian communism.[39][40][41] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum once theNineteen Nineties, once Asian country began to institute pro-market reforms. Since 2000, the knowledgetechnology rked growth in its manufacturing base.[42]Spread roughly north–south on the east bank of the Hooghly watercourse, metropolis sits at intervals the lower riverDelta of Nip India; the city's elevation is one.5–9 m (5–30 ft).[43] easy of city was originally a ground that wassaved over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population. The remaining undeveloped areas, referred to as the East metropolis Wetlands, were selected a "wetland of international importance" by the Ramsar Convention (1975).[45] like most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the soil and water unit preponderantly sediment in origin. metropolis is found over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin.[46] geographicalregion basin contains three structural unit: shelf or platform inside the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep natural depression halfwithin the east and southeast. metropolis is found atop the western a region of the hinge zone thatis coelow the surface.[46] The shelf and hinge zones have many faula range of different grades of sand and gravel. These
sediments unitsandwiched between a pair of clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250–650 m (820–2,130 ft); the upper one 10–40 m (30–130 ft) in thickness.[47] in keeping with the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale beginning from I to V therefore as of fast susceptibility to earthquakes, city lies insideseismic zone III;[48] in keeping with a coalition Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high hurt risk".[48]Kalighat painting originated in nineteenth century metropolis asassociate degree areavogue that reflected a variety of themes further as mythology and routine life.[217] the govtfaculty of Art and Craft, primarily based in 1864, has been the cradle additionally asgeographic point of eminent artists further as Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, and Nandalal Satyendra Nath Bose.[218] The art school was the birthplace of the nation-state school of art that arose as ANavant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the rife instructional art stylesinside theearly twentieth century.[219][220] The Academy of Fine Arts and different art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. town is recognised for its appreciation of rabindrasangeet (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and Indian classical music; Bengali genre genre, further as baulpeople ballads, kirtans, and Gajan competition music; and stylish music, further as Bengali-language adhunik songs.[Since the primary Nineteen Nineties, new genres have emerged,as well in concert comprisingcompletely different folk–rock Bengali bands.[221] Another new vogue, jibonmukhi gaan ("songsregarding life"), is based on realism.parts of Kolkata's cooking embody rice and a fish curry referred to as machher jhol,which might be amid desserts like roshogolla, sandesh, and a sweet yoghurtreferred to as mishti dohi. Bengal'sgiant repertoire of food dishes includes varied preparations of ilish, a fish that is a favoriteamong Calcuttans. Street foods like beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (a cooked crêpe with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cooking from Chinatown unit common.] Sweets play associate degree outsized [*fr1] inside the diet of Kolkatans—especially at their social ceremonies.ThoughBengali women traditionally wear the frock, the trousers tunic and Westernattire is gaining acceptance among younger ladiesWestern-style dress has larger acceptance among men, although the quality garment and shirt unit seen throughout festivals. Durga Puja, command in September–October, is Kolkata's most very important festival; it's a happening forexciting celebrations.The Bengali yr, referred to as Poila Boishak, in additionbecause the harvest competition of Poush Parbon unit among the city's different festivals;additionally celebrated unit Jagaddhatri Puja, Diwali, Saraswati Puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, and Rath Yatra. Cultural events embody the metropolis Book honest, the state capital Lane Musiccompetition, the metropolis competition, and Nandikar's National Theatre competitionThe most typical sports in metropolis unit association football and cricket. in distinction to mostcomponents of Asian country, the residents show necessary passion for association football.[244] city is home to highnational association football clubs like Mohun Bagan A.C., East nation-state F.C., Prayag United S.C.,and therefore the Mohammedan Sporting Club.[246] metropolis league, that was started in 1898, is that the oldest league in Asia.Mohun Bagan A.C., one in each of the oldest soccerclubs in Asia, is that the alone organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".[248][249]soccer matches between Mohun Bagan and East nation-state, dubbed as a result of themetropolis lid, witness large audience human action and competitionbetween patrons.[250]As inside the rest of Asian country, cricket is common in metropolis and iscontend on grounds and in streets throughout city metropolis has associate degree Indian Premier League franchisecalled the metropolis Knight Riders; the Cricket Association of nation-state, that regulates cricket in state, is in addition based inside the city. Tournaments, significantly those involving cricket, football, badminton, and carrom, unit usually unionised on associate degree inter-locality or inter-club basis[ The Maidan, a large field that's the city's largest park, hosts many minorsoccer and cricket clubs and training institutes.Eden Gardens, that features a capability of ninety,000 as of 2011hosted the ultimatematch of the 1987 Cricket tournament. it's home to the nation-state cricket team and so the metropolis Knight Riders. The multi-use Salt Lake bowl, in additionreferred to as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is that the world's second-largest association football facility by bigness as of 2010. The metropolis Cricket and soccer Club is that the second-oldest cricket club within the planet.metropolis has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the Royal metropolis Golf Club,the primary golf club designed outside the Britain.[258][259] the opposite a pair of space unit settled at the Tollygunge Club and at Fort William. The Royal metropolis Turf Club hosts sport and polo matches.[260] The metropolis Polo Club is taken under consideration the oldest existent polo clubinside the planet. The metropolis South Club may well be a venue for national and internationalathletic game tournaments; it command the first grass-court national championship in 1946.[264][265]inside the number 2005–2007, Sunfeast Open, a tier-III tournament on the Women's athletic gameAssociation circuit, was command inside the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it'ssince been interruptThe metropolis order hosts row heatsand employment events. Kolkata, thought-about the leading centre ofrugby football union in Asian country, provides its name to the oldest international tournament in ruggerunion, the metropolis Cup. the car Association of Nip Asian country, established in 1904,and therefore the Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports andautomotive rallies in metropolis and state.The Beighton Cup, an occasion unionisedby the nation-state Hockey Association and initialcontend in 1895, is India's oldest outdoor game tournament; it's generally survived the Mohun Bagan Ground of the Maidan.] Athletes from metropolis embody Sourav Ganguly and Pankaj Roy, World Health Organizationarea unit former captains of the Indian national cricket team; Olympic athletic game bronze medallistLeander Paes, golf player Arjun Atwal, and former footballers Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P. K. Banerjee, and Subrata Bhattacharya.Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic, and revolutionary heritage; because the previous capital of India, it had been the birthplace of recent Indian literary and creative thoughtmetropolishas beenreferred to as the "City of Furious, creative Energy" additionally as a result of the "cultural [or literary] capital of India".[194][195] The presence of paras, that unit neighbourhoods that possess a strong sense of community, is characteristic of city.[196] usually, each para has its own community club and, sometimes, a enjoying field.[196] Residents interact in addas, or leisurely chats, that forevertake the form of race intellectual voice communication.[197][198] city includes a practice of political graffiti depiction everything from outrageous slander tohumorous banter and limericks, caricatures, and info.Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic branch of knowledgemotifs. several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial quantity ar declared "heritage structures";others unit in varied stages of decay.Established in 1814because the nation's oldest repository, the Indian repository homes large collections that showcase Indian rationalizationand Indian art.[204] Marble Palace may well be a classic example of a eu mansion that was in-builtcity. The Victoria Memorial, a part of interest in metropolis,includes a repository documenting the city's history. The National Library of Asian country is that theleading library inside the country.The popularity of business theatres within the town has declined since the Eighties.cluster theatres of metropolis, a social movement that started inside the Forties completely different with the then-popular business theatres, unit theatres that are not skilled or business, and unit centres of assortedexperiments in theme, content, and production;cluster theatres use the proscenium stage to spotlight socially relevant messages.[Chitpur section of townhomes multiple production firms of jatra, a convention of parents drama common in ruralgeographical region.[209][210] metropolis is that the house of the Bengali cinema trade, dubbed "Tollywood" for Tollygunj, where most of the state's film studios unit settled.Its long tradition of art films includes globally acclaimed film directors like Academy triumph director Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha, and trendy directors like Aparnasubunit, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, and Rituparno Ghosh.During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Bengali literature was progressive through the works of authors like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, MichaelMadhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay.plus social reforms diode by Ram Mohan Roy, Hindoo Vivekananda, and others, this constituted a heavy a region of the nation-state Renaissance.[214]the middle and lattercomponents of the 20 th century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism,additionally as literary movements like those espoused by the Kallol movement, hungryalists and sothevery little magazines. large majority of publishers of city is targeted in and around facultyStreet, "...a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement", mercantilismnew and used books.
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| KOLKATA |
Kolkataentified historically in English as metropolis Hooghly watercourse, it is the principalbusiness, cultural, and academic centre of Malay Archipelago, whereas the Port of metropolis is India's oldestoperative port additionally as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, city hadfour.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, that contains city and its suburbs, was home tojust regarding fourteen.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan house in Asian country. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product class-conscious third among South Asian cities, behind Bombay and urban center.As a growing metropolitan city in a very verydeveloping country, metropolis confronts substantial urban pollution, hold up, poverty, population, and differentprovision and socioeconomic problems.In the late seventeenth century, the three villages that predated metropolis were dominated by thenabob of nation-state beneath Mughal suzerainty. once the nabob granted the Malay Archipelago Company a mercantilism license in 1690,e realm was developed by the company into AN more and more fortified mercantile base. nabob Siraj ud-Daulah occupiedmetropolis in 1756 when company started evading taxes and thanks to increasing militarisationof the fort, the Malay Archipelago Company retook it inside the subsequent year and in 1793 assumed full sovereignty once Mughal berth (Nizamat) was abolished. at a lower place Malay Archipelago Company and later at a lower place nation dominion, metropolis served as a result ofthecapital of Asian country until 1911, once its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in nation-state, diode to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. city was the centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of latest state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of recent Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the 1st 2000s,associate degree economic rejuvenation has diode to accelerated growth.As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century nation-state Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically varied centre of culture in nation-state and Asian country, metropolishas established native traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature that have gained wide audiences. several people from Kolkata—among them several Alfred Bernhard Nobel laureates—have contributed to the humanities, the sciences, anddifferent areas, whereas metropolis cultureoptions idiosyncrasies that embody distinctively shutneighbourhoods (paras) and race intellectual exchanges (adda). West Bengal's share of the Bengalifilm industry is based within thetown, that in addition hosts venerable cultural institutions of national importance, just like the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian repository, and so the National Library of Asian country. though home to major cricketing venues and franchises,metropolis differs from different Indian cities by giving importance to soccer and alternativesports.
The discovery and archaeologic study of Chandraketugarh, thirty 5 kilometres (22 mi) north ofmetropolis, offer proof that the region during which town stands has been inhabited for over 2millennia.Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of land Malay ArchipelagoCompany, that was consolidating its trade business in nation-state. Job Charnock, associate degreeadministrator World Health Organization worked for the company, is historicallyattributable as a result of the origination father of the city; in response to a public petition, themetropolis judicature dominated in 2003 that city does not have a founder.[15] the realm occupied by the present city encompassedthree villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village. They were a region of associate degree estate happinessto the Mughal emperor; the jagirdari (a grant given by a king on his noblemen) taxation rights to the villages were command by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or zamindars. These rights were transferred to the Malay Archipelago Company in 1698.
In 1712, nation completed the development of Fort William, settled on the east bank of the Hooghly watercourse to defend their mercantilism works.Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, nation began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The nabob of nation-state, Siraj ud-Daulah, protested themilitarization and evasion by the company. His warning went unnoted, and so the nabob attacked; he captured Fort William and instigated the killings of the many British prisoners of war inside the region of metropolis.A force of Companytroopers (sepoys) and British troops diode by pol recapturedcity the next year.[18] Per the 1765 accord of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, Malay Archipelago company was appointed imperial collector of internal revenue of the Mughal emperorinside the province of nation-state,Bihar and Orissa, whereas Mughal-appointed Nawabs continuedto rule the province.[19] Declared a presidency city, metropolis became the headquarters of the Malay ArchipelagoCompany by 1772n 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and Malay Archipelagocompany took complete management of town and so the province. beginning in 1864,Capitol Hill station of Shimla served as body capital throughout summers inside the firstnineteenthcentury, the marshes encompassing city were drained; the govt. house was ordered out on the banks of the Hooghly watercourse. Richard Wellesley,
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