KASHMIRE
Kashmir is that thenorthwestern region of the Indian land. until the mid-19th century, the term geographic areageographically denoted alone time period between the good mountain chain and sothePir Panjal chain of mountains. Today, it denotes a much bigger house that has the Indian-administered state of Jammu and geographical area (which consists of Jammu, the geographical area depression, and Ladakh), the Pakistan-administered autonomous territories of Azad geographical area and Gilgit–Baltistan, and so the Chinese-administered arguable regions of Aksai Chin and so the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Swami Vivekananda in geographical area in 1898.In the half the primary millennium, thegeographical area region became an important centre of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still,at intervals the ninth century, geographical area Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah of {iran|sovereign|crowned head|monarch} of Iran Mir became the first Muslim ruler of geographical area, inaugurating the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati folks.For succeeding five centuries, Muslim monarchs dominatedgeographic space, yet because the Mughals, international organisation agency dominated from 1526 until 1751,and therefore the Afghan Durrani Empire, that dominated from 1747until 1820.That year, the Sikhs, beneath Ranjit Singh, annexed geographical area.In 1846, once the Sikh defeatwithin the initial Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the acquisition of the region from country underneaththe accord of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler ofgeographical area. The rule of his descendants, beneath the dominion (or tutelage) of country Crown, lasted till1947, once the previous princely state became a arguable territory, presently administered by3 countries: state, Pakistan, and so the People's Republic of China.The Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka is usually referable with having based mostly the previouscapital of geographical area, Shrinagari, presently ruins on the outskirts of up to date Srinagar.geographic area was long to be a fastness of Buddhism.As a Buddhist seat of learning, the Sarvāstivādan school powerfully influencedgeographical area.East and Central Asian Buddhist monks unit recorded as having visited the dominion. at intervals the late fourth century number fifty eight, the notable Kuchanese monk Kumārajīva, born to Associate in Nursing Indian noble family, studied Dīrghāgama and Madhyāgama in geographical area beneath Bandhudatta. He later became a prolific translator international organisation agency helped take Buddhism to China. His mother Jīva is assumed to possess retired to geographical area. Vimalākṣa, a Sarvāstivādan Buddhist monk, traveled from geographical area to Kucha and theretaught Kumārajīva at intervals the Vinayapiṭaka.
Adi Shankara visited the pre-existing Sarvajñapīṭha (Sharada Peeth) in geographical area in lateeighth century or early ninth century number fifty eight. The Madhaviya Shankaravijayam states this temple had four doors for college kids from the four cardinal directions. The southern door (representing South India) had never been opened, indicating that no scholar from South state had entered the Sarvajna Pitha. Adi Shankara opened the southern door by defeating indiscussion all the scholarsthere in all the numerous scholastic disciplines like Hinduism,Hinduism and different branches of Hindu philosophy; he ascended the throne of Transcendentknowledge of that temple.Abhinavagupta was one altogether India's greatest philosophers, mystics and aestheticians. He wastogether thought of an important musician, poet, dramatist, exeget, theologian, and logician– a polymathic temperament international organisation agency exercisedrobust influences on Indian cultureHe was born at intervals time period of geographic area in a {very} very family of scholarsand mystics and studied all the colleges of philosophy and art of his timeunderneath the steering of asmany as fifteen (or more) lecturers and gurus. In his long life he completed over thirty 5 works, the foremost vital and most notable of that isTantrāloka,AN comprehensive writing on all the philosophical and wise aspects of Trika and Kaula (known these days as geographical area Shaivism). Another one altogether his vital contributions was at intervals the sector of philosophy of aesthetics in conjunction with his notable Abhinavabhāratīcomment of Nāṭyaśāstra of Bharata Muni.
on salvation for non-ascetics (moksa-upaya: 'means to release'), was written on the Pradyumna hill in Śrīnagar. it is the form of a public sermon and claims human authorship and containsregarding thirty,000 shloka's (making it longer than the Ramayana). the foremost a locality of the text forms a dialogue between Vasistha and avatar, interchanged with varied short stories and anecdotes perhapsthe content. This text was later (11th to the fourteenth century CE)[20]swollen and vedanticised, that resulted at intervals the Yoga Vasistha.]In 1819, the geographic areadepression passed from the management of the Durrani Empire of state, and four centuries of Muslim rule beneath the Mughalsand so the Afghans, to the capture armies of the Sikhs beneath Ranjit Singh of metropolis. as a result of the Kashmiris had suffered underneaththe Afghans, they at the start welcome the new Sikh rulersbut, the Sikh governors clothed to bearduous taskmasters, and Sikh rule was typically thought of oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of geographical area from the capital of the Sikh empire in metropolis.The Sikhs enacted type of anti-Muslim laws, together with handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the Jamia mosque in Srinagar and forbidding the azaan,the final publicMuslim call to prayegeographic space had together presently begun to draw inEuropean guests, several of whom wrote of the abject status of the Brobdingnagian Muslimclass and of the steep taxes beneath the Sikhs. High taxes, in line with someup thus far accounts, hadunoccupied big tracts of the agricultural space, allowing alone one-sixteenth of the productive land to be cultivated. but, once a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the revenue enhancement to the manufacture of the land
and together began to produce interest-free loans to farmers; geographical area became the second highest revenue jobholder for the Sikh empire throughout currently Kashmiri shawls became known worldwide, attracting severalconsumers, notably at intervals the West.
Earlier, in 1780, once the death of Ranjit Deo the Raja of Jammu, the dominion of Jammu (to the south of the geographical area valley) was together captured by the Sikhs andafterward, until 1846, became a tributary to Sikh power Ranjit Deo's kinsman, Gulab Singh,after sought-after service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns,particularly the annexation of thegeographical area depression, and, for his services, was appointed governor of Jammu in 1820. Withthe help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh shortly captured for the Sikhs the lands of Ladakh and Baltistan to the east and north-east,severally, of Jammu."Gulab Singh contrived to hold himself upstage till the battle of Sobraon (1846), once he appeared as a useful intermediator and so the trustworthyauthority of Sir Henry Lawrence. a pair of treaties were terminated. By the first the State ofmetropolis (i.e. West Punjab) handed over to country, as equivalent for one giant integerindemnity, hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second country revamped to Gulab Singh for seven.5 million all the craggy or mountainous country placed to the east of the Indus and so the west of the Ravi (i.e. time period of Kashmir)."Drafted by a accord and a bill of sale, and established between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of geographical area and Jammu (as it had been initial called) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practiced Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; at intervals the heavily occupied central geographical area depression, the population wasirresistibly Muhammedan, however, there was together atinylow but prestigious Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits; to the northeast, sparsely occupied Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but that practiced Shi'a Islam; to the north,conjointly sparselyoccupied, Gilgit Agency, was a section of diverse, chiefly Shi'a groups; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of assorted quality than the geographic areadepression.when the Indian Rebellion of 1857,throughout that geographical area sided withcountry, and so the succeeding assumption of direct rule by nice GB, the princely state ofgeographic space came beneath the suzerainty of country Crown.In the British census of state of 1941, geographical area registered a Muslim majority population of seventy seven, a Hindu population of 2 hundredth and a distributed population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining third.[ndition of the Muslim tons is appalling. ... Mostsquare live landless laborers, in operation as serfs for somebody [Hindu] landlords ... virtuallythe complete strength of official corruption is borne by the Muslim lotsfor just about a centuryuntil the census, atiny low Hindu elite had dominated over a huge and impoverished Muslim category.[Driven into trait by chronic liability to landords and moneylenders, having no education besides, nor awareness of rights,oking includes dum aloo (boiled potatoes withsignificant amounts of spice), tzaman (a solid house cheese), rogan taunt (lamb cooked insignificant spices), yakhiyn (lamb cooked in curd with light spices), hakh (a spinach-like leaf), rista-gushtaba (minced meat balls in tomato and curd curry), danival korme, and so thesignature rice that's specific to Asian cultures.The traditional wazwan feast involves preparation meat or vegetables, usually mutton, in manyalternative ways that. Alcohol is strictly prohibited in most places.
There unit a pair of varieties of making tea at intervals the region: hour Chai, or salt tea, thatis pink in color (known as chinen fashionable rang or peach flower colour) and in style locals; and kahwah, a tea for joyous occasions, created with saffron and spices (cardamom, cinamon, sugar,noonday chai leaves), and tea.Kashmir's economy is centred around agriculture. historicallythe staple crop of time period was rice, that intentional the chief food of the parents. in addition,cereal, wheat, barley and oats were together mature. Given its temperate climate, it's fitted tocrops like asparagus, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees unit common at intervals time period, and so thecultivated orchards yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees sq. measuretrue cedar, firs and pines, chenar or plane, maple, birch and walnut, apple, cherry.Historically, geographical area became known worldwide once Cashmere wool was exported toalternative regions and nations (exports have ceased as a results of weakened abundance of theKashmir goat and inflated competition from China). Kashmiris unit well adept at knitting and makingPashmina shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas, and pottery. Saffron, too, ismature in geographical area. Efforts unit on to export the naturally mature fruits and vegetables as organic foods principally to the middle East. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier mache, wood-carving, and so the weaving of silk.The economy was badly broken by the 2005 geographical area earthquake that, as of eightOctober 2005, resulted in over seventy,000 deaths at intervals the Pakistan-controlled {a part|a neighborhood|an space|a district|a region|a locality|a vicinity|a section} ofgeographic area and around one,500 deaths in Indian controlled geographical area.The Indian-administered portion ofgeographical area is believed to possess likely wealthyrocks containing chemical compoundreserves.TransportTransport is predominantly by air or road vehicles at intervals the region.geographic area|geographical region|geographic region} options a 119 kilometer ulla at intervals the western a or Purandhisthan. The Brahmins international organisation agency inhabited these areas wanted andwanted Buddhism too. From the regions ofgeographic space Buddhism unfold throughout Ladakh, Tibet, Central Asia and China. numeroustraditions co-existed until the looks of the Muslims.The Mughal had a deep influence on this land and introduced various reforms at intervals therevenue business and different areas that another to the progress of geographical area. In 1820 Maharaj Gulab Singh got the Jagir of Jammu from Maharaj Ranjit Sigh. he is same to possessordered the inspiration of the Dogra folks. In 1846 geographical area was sold-out to Maharaj Gulab Singh. that the a pair of areas of geographical area and Jammu were integrated into one unit. one or twoofchieftains international organisation agency intentional a locality of the administration were of the Hunza, Kishtwar, Gilgit Ladakh. throughout the Dogra folks trade improved, beside the preservation and promotion of life science.
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| KASHMIR |
Kashmir is that thenorthwestern region of the Indian land. until the mid-19th century, the term geographic areageographically denoted alone time period between the good mountain chain and sothePir Panjal chain of mountains. Today, it denotes a much bigger house that has the Indian-administered state of Jammu and geographical area (which consists of Jammu, the geographical area depression, and Ladakh), the Pakistan-administered autonomous territories of Azad geographical area and Gilgit–Baltistan, and so the Chinese-administered arguable regions of Aksai Chin and so the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Swami Vivekananda in geographical area in 1898.In the half the primary millennium, thegeographical area region became an important centre of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still,at intervals the ninth century, geographical area Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah of {iran|sovereign|crowned head|monarch} of Iran Mir became the first Muslim ruler of geographical area, inaugurating the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati folks.For succeeding five centuries, Muslim monarchs dominatedgeographic space, yet because the Mughals, international organisation agency dominated from 1526 until 1751,and therefore the Afghan Durrani Empire, that dominated from 1747until 1820.That year, the Sikhs, beneath Ranjit Singh, annexed geographical area.In 1846, once the Sikh defeatwithin the initial Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the acquisition of the region from country underneaththe accord of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler ofgeographical area. The rule of his descendants, beneath the dominion (or tutelage) of country Crown, lasted till1947, once the previous princely state became a arguable territory, presently administered by3 countries: state, Pakistan, and so the People's Republic of China.The Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka is usually referable with having based mostly the previouscapital of geographical area, Shrinagari, presently ruins on the outskirts of up to date Srinagar.geographic area was long to be a fastness of Buddhism.As a Buddhist seat of learning, the Sarvāstivādan school powerfully influencedgeographical area.East and Central Asian Buddhist monks unit recorded as having visited the dominion. at intervals the late fourth century number fifty eight, the notable Kuchanese monk Kumārajīva, born to Associate in Nursing Indian noble family, studied Dīrghāgama and Madhyāgama in geographical area beneath Bandhudatta. He later became a prolific translator international organisation agency helped take Buddhism to China. His mother Jīva is assumed to possess retired to geographical area. Vimalākṣa, a Sarvāstivādan Buddhist monk, traveled from geographical area to Kucha and theretaught Kumārajīva at intervals the Vinayapiṭaka.
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| KASHMIR |
on salvation for non-ascetics (moksa-upaya: 'means to release'), was written on the Pradyumna hill in Śrīnagar. it is the form of a public sermon and claims human authorship and containsregarding thirty,000 shloka's (making it longer than the Ramayana). the foremost a locality of the text forms a dialogue between Vasistha and avatar, interchanged with varied short stories and anecdotes perhapsthe content. This text was later (11th to the fourteenth century CE)[20]swollen and vedanticised, that resulted at intervals the Yoga Vasistha.]In 1819, the geographic areadepression passed from the management of the Durrani Empire of state, and four centuries of Muslim rule beneath the Mughalsand so the Afghans, to the capture armies of the Sikhs beneath Ranjit Singh of metropolis. as a result of the Kashmiris had suffered underneaththe Afghans, they at the start welcome the new Sikh rulersbut, the Sikh governors clothed to bearduous taskmasters, and Sikh rule was typically thought of oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of geographical area from the capital of the Sikh empire in metropolis.The Sikhs enacted type of anti-Muslim laws, together with handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the Jamia mosque in Srinagar and forbidding the azaan,the final publicMuslim call to prayegeographic space had together presently begun to draw inEuropean guests, several of whom wrote of the abject status of the Brobdingnagian Muslimclass and of the steep taxes beneath the Sikhs. High taxes, in line with someup thus far accounts, hadunoccupied big tracts of the agricultural space, allowing alone one-sixteenth of the productive land to be cultivated. but, once a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the revenue enhancement to the manufacture of the land
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| KASHMIR |
Earlier, in 1780, once the death of Ranjit Deo the Raja of Jammu, the dominion of Jammu (to the south of the geographical area valley) was together captured by the Sikhs andafterward, until 1846, became a tributary to Sikh power Ranjit Deo's kinsman, Gulab Singh,after sought-after service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns,particularly the annexation of thegeographical area depression, and, for his services, was appointed governor of Jammu in 1820. Withthe help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh shortly captured for the Sikhs the lands of Ladakh and Baltistan to the east and north-east,severally, of Jammu."Gulab Singh contrived to hold himself upstage till the battle of Sobraon (1846), once he appeared as a useful intermediator and so the trustworthyauthority of Sir Henry Lawrence. a pair of treaties were terminated. By the first the State ofmetropolis (i.e. West Punjab) handed over to country, as equivalent for one giant integerindemnity, hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second country revamped to Gulab Singh for seven.5 million all the craggy or mountainous country placed to the east of the Indus and so the west of the Ravi (i.e. time period of Kashmir)."Drafted by a accord and a bill of sale, and established between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of geographical area and Jammu (as it had been initial called) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practiced Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; at intervals the heavily occupied central geographical area depression, the population wasirresistibly Muhammedan, however, there was together atinylow but prestigious Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits; to the northeast, sparsely occupied Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but that practiced Shi'a Islam; to the north,conjointly sparselyoccupied, Gilgit Agency, was a section of diverse, chiefly Shi'a groups; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of assorted quality than the geographic areadepression.when the Indian Rebellion of 1857,throughout that geographical area sided withcountry, and so the succeeding assumption of direct rule by nice GB, the princely state ofgeographic space came beneath the suzerainty of country Crown.In the British census of state of 1941, geographical area registered a Muslim majority population of seventy seven, a Hindu population of 2 hundredth and a distributed population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining third.[ndition of the Muslim tons is appalling. ... Mostsquare live landless laborers, in operation as serfs for somebody [Hindu] landlords ... virtuallythe complete strength of official corruption is borne by the Muslim lotsfor just about a centuryuntil the census, atiny low Hindu elite had dominated over a huge and impoverished Muslim category.[Driven into trait by chronic liability to landords and moneylenders, having no education besides, nor awareness of rights,oking includes dum aloo (boiled potatoes withsignificant amounts of spice), tzaman (a solid house cheese), rogan taunt (lamb cooked insignificant spices), yakhiyn (lamb cooked in curd with light spices), hakh (a spinach-like leaf), rista-gushtaba (minced meat balls in tomato and curd curry), danival korme, and so thesignature rice that's specific to Asian cultures.The traditional wazwan feast involves preparation meat or vegetables, usually mutton, in manyalternative ways that. Alcohol is strictly prohibited in most places.
There unit a pair of varieties of making tea at intervals the region: hour Chai, or salt tea, thatis pink in color (known as chinen fashionable rang or peach flower colour) and in style locals; and kahwah, a tea for joyous occasions, created with saffron and spices (cardamom, cinamon, sugar,noonday chai leaves), and tea.Kashmir's economy is centred around agriculture. historicallythe staple crop of time period was rice, that intentional the chief food of the parents. in addition,cereal, wheat, barley and oats were together mature. Given its temperate climate, it's fitted tocrops like asparagus, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees unit common at intervals time period, and so thecultivated orchards yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees sq. measuretrue cedar, firs and pines, chenar or plane, maple, birch and walnut, apple, cherry.Historically, geographical area became known worldwide once Cashmere wool was exported toalternative regions and nations (exports have ceased as a results of weakened abundance of theKashmir goat and inflated competition from China). Kashmiris unit well adept at knitting and makingPashmina shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas, and pottery. Saffron, too, ismature in geographical area. Efforts unit on to export the naturally mature fruits and vegetables as organic foods principally to the middle East. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier mache, wood-carving, and so the weaving of silk.The economy was badly broken by the 2005 geographical area earthquake that, as of eightOctober 2005, resulted in over seventy,000 deaths at intervals the Pakistan-controlled {a part|a neighborhood|an space|a district|a region|a locality|a vicinity|a section} ofgeographic area and around one,500 deaths in Indian controlled geographical area.The Indian-administered portion ofgeographical area is believed to possess likely wealthyrocks containing chemical compoundreserves.TransportTransport is predominantly by air or road vehicles at intervals the region.geographic area|geographical region|geographic region} options a 119 kilometer ulla at intervals the western a or Purandhisthan. The Brahmins international organisation agency inhabited these areas wanted andwanted Buddhism too. From the regions ofgeographic space Buddhism unfold throughout Ladakh, Tibet, Central Asia and China. numeroustraditions co-existed until the looks of the Muslims.The Mughal had a deep influence on this land and introduced various reforms at intervals therevenue business and different areas that another to the progress of geographical area. In 1820 Maharaj Gulab Singh got the Jagir of Jammu from Maharaj Ranjit Sigh. he is same to possessordered the inspiration of the Dogra folks. In 1846 geographical area was sold-out to Maharaj Gulab Singh. that the a pair of areas of geographical area and Jammu were integrated into one unit. one or twoofchieftains international organisation agency intentional a locality of the administration were of the Hunza, Kishtwar, Gilgit Ladakh. throughout the Dogra folks trade improved, beside the preservation and promotion of life science.
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